HC: Civil Division (Uganda)

The Civil Division is a division of the high court. It's functions include: Hearing appeal cases from the Magistrates' courts in connection with torts committed against the person, Defamation, Bankruptcy and company winding up matters, Partnership matters,Companies matters, Real and personal property.

Physical address
Twed towers, along Kafu Road, Nakasero.
236 judgments
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236 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
October 2018
Appellant failed to prove customary title; respondent's possessory control prevailed and the suit was dismissed.
Land law – customary tenure: necessity to prove specific customary rules and acquisition in accordance therewith; Possession versus ownership – user and occupancy alone do not establish customary title; Prescription and abandonment – interruption of continuous possession by insurgency defeats acquisitive prescription; Locus in quo – court must not admit testimony from persons who did not testify in court; Appellate review – re-evaluation of facts and credibility and power to reverse erroneous factual findings.
25 October 2018
Appellate court re‑weighed conflicting evidence, found appellant established adverse occupation, set aside trial subdivision and granted ownership, possession, injunction and costs.
* Land law – customary tenure – ownership dispute – whether occupation was adverse or permissive; assessment on balance of probabilities. * Evidence – appellate re-evaluation of conflicting testimony; admissibility and weight of locus in quo evidence; effect of evidence from uncalled witness. * Boundaries – impermissibility of creating a new boundary absent evidential support. * Burden of proof – plaintiff's obligation to make version plausible by objective corroboration.
25 October 2018
An unregistered lease offer without survey or proof of customary rules does not establish ownership; appeal allowed.
Land law – lease offer lacking survey and description; registration required to convert offer to interest; tenancy at sufferance; customary tenure requires proof of customary rules and acquisition in accordance therewith; possessory rights vs ownership; locus in quo procedure and service; apparent bias test.
25 October 2018
Appellants’ long exclusive occupation constituted a gift and ownership; forced displacement did not amount to abandonment.
Land law – Customary tenure; gift inter vivos – requirements: donor’s intention, delivery and acceptance established by exclusive occupation and conduct; licence vs adverse possession; abandonment requires intent to relinquish – involuntary displacement (insurgency) not abandonment; locus in quo inspections limited to testing oral evidence; first-appeal re-hearing standard – appellate court may reassess inferences not based on witness demeanour.
25 October 2018
Revision refused: monument‑based land description controlled over conflicting acreage estimates; application dismissed for delay with costs.
Civil procedure — Revision under section 83 CPA — Alleged material irregularity where decree described land by monuments but not acreage — Monuments prevail over admeasurements — Locus in quo inspection and sketch map — Inordinate delay and finality of litigation — Application dismissed with costs.
25 October 2018
Appeal dismissed: oral parking agreement, ownership and theft established; employer liable for employee’s apparent authority, damages upheld.
Contract – oral parking agreement and payments; Property/possession – ownership despite logbook discrepancy; Tort/vicarious liability – employer liable for employee’s apparent authority; Evidence – credibility and minor inconsistencies not fatal; Quantum – valuation and general damages upheld.
19 October 2018
Applicant granted interlocutory injunction restraining respondent from attaching telecom masts pending trial due to irreparable public harm.
Civil procedure – Interlocutory injunction – requirements: prima facie case, irreparable injury, balance of convenience; Local Governments (Rating) Act 2005 – whether telecommunication masts are rateable property; statutory duty to collect rates vs. equitable interlocutory relief.
18 October 2018
The court addressed the impracticality of conducting meetings due to the death of a majority shareholder.
Company law – Extraordinary general meetings – Death of majority shareholder – Authority to change bank signatory
12 October 2018
Temporary injunction granted to preserve status quo in land ownership dispute pending main application resolution.
Land Law – Temporary Injunction – Prima Facie Case – Irreparable Harm – Balance of Convenience – Status Quo
12 October 2018
Appellate court upheld compensatory damages and 24% interest for wrongful electricity disconnection, dismissing the appeal.
* Civil damages – wrongful disconnection of electricity – compensatory general damages for loss of perishable stock, lost income and reputational harm. * Appeal – interference with discretionary awards – appellate restraint unless misdirection, wrong principle, or wholly erroneous amount. * Interest – just and reasonable rate to protect award against inflation and currency depreciation; commercial considerations.
12 October 2018
Applicant failed to show prima facie case or irreparable harm; ex parte leave and interim injunction denied, application dismissed with costs.
Judicial review – interim relief; ex parte leave – court will not exclude respondent who has shown interest; temporary injunctions – prima facie case, status quo, irreparable harm, balance of convenience; injunctions against public authorities and prosecutorial discretion – caution and public interest prevail.
11 October 2018
Court refused ex parte leave and denied injunction restraining prosecution, finding no prima facie case and public interest concerns.
* Judicial review and interim relief – application for ex parte leave and temporary injunction to restrain prosecution; * Injunctions against public authorities – approached with caution where prosecutorial discretion and public interest are engaged; * Requirements for interlocutory injunction – prima facie case, status quo, irreparable harm, balance of convenience; * Prosecutorial discretion – court reluctant to pre-empt DPP's function absent clear absence of evidence.
11 October 2018
The application for an interim stay of military court proceedings was dismissed due to lack of a substantive application and failure to establish a prima facie case.
Civil Procedure - Temporary and interim injunctions - Competency of application - Criminal law and fair trial rights.
11 October 2018
Whether a forcible eviction was lawful under the Rent Restriction Act and whether tenants proved loss from that eviction.
* Landlord & tenant – statutory tenancy and eviction – Rent Restriction Act requires court process for recovery; forcible eviction unlawful. * Ownership and tenancy – burden of proof and oral tenancy. * Damages – special damages require strict proof; theft by third parties may be a novus actus; general damages for wrongful eviction assessed by reference to rent and inconvenience. * Evidence – limits and safeguards when adopting witness statements in lieu of oral examination-in-chief.
11 October 2018
Judicial review was inappropriate for a private contractual land dispute; undue delay and factual issues warranted dismissal.
* Administrative law – Judicial review – scope and limits – distinction between public law decision-making and private/contractual rights arising from land allocation by District Land Boards. * Judicial review – remedies (certiorari and prohibition) – appropriate where illegality, irrationality or procedural impropriety in public decision-making is shown. * Time limits and delay – Judicature (Judicial Review) Rules (3-month rule) and public interest in finality – undue delay bars relief. * Procedure – allegations of fraud and disputed facts as to land identity require a full trial in private law, not determination by judicial review on affidavit.
11 October 2018
A claimant of communal customary land must plead the nature of communal rights and authority to sue or face striking out.
* Land law – communal customary tenure – recovery of land – plaintiff must plead nature of communal rights (collective, common or private) and authority to sue. * Civil procedure – locus standi and cause of action – representative suits and requirements for suing on behalf of a community. * Pleadings – essential particulars required in claims to enforce communal customary land rights.
11 October 2018
Appellants’ claim was a proprietary recovery of land barred by the 12-year limitation; appeal dismissed with costs.
* Limitation Act – recovery of land v. continuing trespass – proprietary actions for possession attract 12-year limitation (s.5); adverse possession and extinguishment of title (s.16). * Civil procedure – appeals – grounds of appeal must be concise and specific (Order 43 CPR); overly general grounds struck out. * Evidence – locus in quo – court may inspect but must not admit fresh testimony from persons who did not give oral evidence in court; improperly admitted evidence may be disregarded under s.166 Evidence Act.
11 October 2018
Applicant's general ground struck out; respondents' customary ownership upheld and appeal dismissed with costs.
Civil procedure – Appeal grounds – requirements under Order 43 r (1) and (2) CPR; Procedure – scheduling conference – non-compliance not fatal absent miscarriage of justice; Evidence – standard of proof in civil land disputes; Possession and locus in quo – inspection as corroborative of long occupancy; Limitation/delay – laches and time-bar considerations in land claims.
11 October 2018
Appellant failed to prove title; respondent's occupation and conduct established ownership, so the appeal was dismissed with costs.
* Land law – ownership of unregistered land – distinction between license/temporary user and inter vivos gift; exclusive occupation as evidence of gift. * Evidence – burden on balance of probabilities, credibility assessment, and weight of locus in quo inspection and objective corroborative features. * Property – abandonment – involuntary absence due to insurgency does not prove intent to abandon proprietary rights. * Judicial notice – regional insurgency and its impact on possession and occupation.
11 October 2018
Application to admit fresh documentary evidence on appeal dismissed for lack of newness, diligence, relevance and undue delay.
Appeal — Admission of additional evidence — Principles from Ladd v Marshall — Requirements: newly discovered despite due diligence; relevance to issues on appeal; credibility; probable influence on outcome; no undue delay — Evidence that introduces new matter not arising from trial record will ordinarily be refused — Finality of litigation vs. exceptional justice.
11 October 2018
Appeal allowed: unproved mediation admission disregarded; indebtedness established on signed invoices reduced to UGX 7,663,000.
Civil procedure – Summary suit – burden of proof on plaintiff to prove goods were ordered, supplied and received – invoices and signed delivery acknowledgements as evidence; mediation admissions – cannot be relied on without proof; accounting documents – bank statements must specifically identify payments to discharge alleged debt.
10 October 2018
Defendant held liable for negligent overtaking; plaintiff awarded proven special and general damages, interest and costs.
Road traffic accident – negligent overtaking and failure to stop – breach of s.125 Road Traffic and Safety Act; civil liability despite absence of criminal conviction; vicarious liability for employer where driver acted in course of employment; estoppel from denying ownership after participating in settlement and withholding ownership particulars; proof and assessment of special and general damages; interest and costs.
5 October 2018
A litigant should not be ordered to pay costs caused by counsel’s error without the advocate being given an opportunity to be heard.
Costs – party condemned to pay costs for counsel's error – advocate may be ordered to pay personally for negligent or abusive conduct but must be heard before such order – litigant not to bear counsel’s mistakes absent litigant misconduct.
5 October 2018

 

5 October 2018
Court dismisses application for return of firearm due to procedural flaws and ongoing misuse allegations.
Firearms Act – procedures for possession and revocation – police discretion in firearm licensing – procedural deficiency in application
5 October 2018
Application for return of licensed firearm dismissed for wrong procedure and because firearm remained under investigation and licensing discretion was proper.
Firearms Act – procedural exclusivity for licensing and confiscation disputes; Licensing discretion – suspension/revocation under s.5; Burden of proof in firearms prosecutions (s.40); Judicial review limits on administrative discretion.
5 October 2018
5 October 2018
Missing locus in quo proceedings made the record insufficient, so a retrial was ordered to resolve the customary land dispute.
Land law – Customary clan land v. individual ownership – Role and evidential weight of locus in quo visits – Missing proceedings on appeal – When retrial required; Civil procedure – Grounds of appeal must be concise and specific (Order 43 r (1) & (2)); Probate – Effect of unchallenged letters of administration in land disputes.
4 October 2018
Whether an unaccepted lease offer and tenancy at sufferance confer proprietary title over former public land.
Evidence Act s.92 – written instrument cannot be contradicted by oral evidence; Public Lands Rules/expired lease offers – offeree is tenant at sufferance with no proprietary interest until registration; Customary tenure – must be proved by evidence of applicable customary rules; Possession vs title – possession is good against the world except a person with a superior title; Missing locus in quo record – appeal may proceed when remaining record suffices.
4 October 2018
Appellate court affirmed possession-based land judgment despite locus in quo procedural irregularities, finding no miscarriage of justice.
Land law – customary tenure – long occupation and visible developments as evidence of ownership; Civil procedure – ex parte proceedings and notice; Evidence – locus in quo visits limited to inspection, court should not summon witnesses suo motu; Procedural irregularity and miscarriage of justice standard; Appellate re-hearing and re-appraisal of evidence.
4 October 2018
Court set aside procedural dismissals and reinstated the land appeal to be decided on its merits.
Civil procedure – dismissal for want of prosecution – whether counsel's failure to file submissions or attend justifies dismissal – litigant should not be penalised for counsel's lapses; Leave to appeal – application must first be made to the court which made the order and granted where prima facie grounds exist; High Court discretion – set aside procedural orders and reinstate appeal to decide merits under Article 126(2)(e).
4 October 2018
The court quashed the Permanent Secretary’s refusal and held estates of deceased former presidents entitled to parliamentary allowances under section 3.
* Administrative law – Judicial review – legality of administrative decision – reliance on Attorney General/Solicitor General opinion.* Statutory interpretation – Parliament (Remuneration of Members) Act s.3 – scope of “former holder of the office of President” and whether entitlement is restricted to living persons.* Emoluments – whether allowances payable under s.3 pass to estates of deceased former presidents.* Remedies – certiorari to quash decision, mandamus to compel payment, declaration of entitlement, interest and costs.
1 October 2018
Court ruled that estates of former presidents entitled to allowances, rejecting misinterpretation limiting to living ex-leaders.
Administrative Law – Judicial Review – Legality of Decision – Remuneration of Former Presidents – Interpretation of Statute
1 October 2018
September 2018
Applicant must show a clear personal nexus before suing individual officials for alleged human-rights violations; AG otherwise remains proper party.
* Constitutional and civil procedure – Proper defendant for official acts – Attorney General and Government Proceedings Act – whether constitutional/statutory provisions bar suits against individuals for human-rights violations. * Human rights – Personal-capacity liability – requirement to establish a clear nexus showing individuals acted in their personal (not official) capacity. * Preliminary objections – striking parties – when individual respondents may be struck from proceedings pending demonstration of personal nexus. * Judicial discretion – court may later pierce the official veil and hold individuals personally liable if evidence supports personal liability.
28 September 2018
Refusal to release pre-entry exam scripts lawful; pre-entry examination is a valid, statutory admission criterion; application dismissed.
Administrative law; judicial review confined to decision-making process; no right to pre-entry exam scripts or marking scheme; Advocates Act authorises pre-entry examination as admission criterion; Law Development Centre wrongly joined as party; refusal to disclose scripts lawful; court will not substitute its view for statutory admissions function.
25 September 2018
Court permits holding of an Extraordinary General Meeting amidst quorum challenges due to shareholder's death.
Company law - Impracticability in calling company meetings - Court's power to order meetings - Change in shareholding due to shareholder death.
25 September 2018
Court orders provisional administration to protect Sunshine Agro Products from creditor enforcement and potential liquidation.
Insolvency Law - Provisional Administration - Appointment of Provisional Administrator - Protection of company assets and creditor interests.
25 September 2018
19 September 2018
An appeal filed without required leave was incompetent and struck out; advocate’s affidavit did not breach conduct rules.
Appeal procedure — Order 44 CPR governs appeals as of right; Order 6 r.30 CPR (strike-out) is limited to orders attacking absence of cause of action; appeals filed without required leave are incompetent. Advocates (Professional Conduct) Regulations — Regulation 9 does not bar affidavits limited to legal submissions and record facts.
19 September 2018
Employee continued by conduct; dismissal without statutorily required hearing/proof was unfair, award of damages and costs.
Employment law – employment by conduct and legitimate expectation of renewal – procedural safeguards before dismissal (Employment Act ss.65, 66, 68, 71) – employer's burden to prove reasons for dismissal – unfair termination – remedies: compensation, interest and costs; exemplary damages declined.
17 September 2018
Court orders foreign respondent to deposit security to prevent evasion and ensure satisfaction of potential judgment.
Civil procedure - attachment before judgment - necessity for security deposit in case of potential evasion by foreign respondent.
14 September 2018
Court ordered pre-judgment security after applicant showed reasonable cause that respondents might abscond or dissipate assets.
Civil procedure – Attachment/arrest before judgment – Section 64 Civil Procedure Act and Order 40 CPR – requirement of clear proof of risk of absconding or dissipation of assets – interlocutory security to preserve ends of justice.
14 September 2018
Plaint challenging judicial decision and advocates’ courtroom conduct barred by judicial and advocate immunities; plaint struck out with costs.
Judicial immunity – Article 128(4) and s.46(1) Judicature Act – acts done in exercise of judicial power; Advocate’s immunity – common-law litigation immunity and absolute privilege for statements in judicial proceedings; Pleading standard – whether plaint discloses cause of action; Civil Procedure – Order 7 r.11(d) rejection of plaint barred by law; Remedies – appeal, Judicial Service Commission, contempt, professional disciplinary bodies.
13 September 2018
The Town Clerk lawfully interdicted the applicant; transfer complaints were unfounded or premature and the application dismissed.
* Administrative law – Interdiction – power of Town Clerk under Public Service and Education Service Regulations; not ultra vires. * Interdiction vs suspension – interdiction is precautionary and does not attract full hearing; natural justice engaged at disciplinary stage. * Judicial review – premature intervention avoided where disciplinary process pending and no exceptional prejudice shown. * Transfers and postings – decision must be rational and in public interest; consultation requirement with school bodies held directory not mandatory.
13 September 2018

 

12 September 2018
Discretionary refusal to renew a fixed-term contract based on unsatisfactory appraisals is not subject to judicial review as illegitimate expectation.
Administrative law – Judicial review – Legitimate expectation – Discretionary renewal of fixed-term employment contracts – Procedural fairness – Reliance on performance appraisals and warning letters.
10 September 2018
Claim for ticket refunds dismissed due to inconsistent evidence and ticket terms limiting liability and requiring arbitration.
Contract formation – ticket purchase subject to terms and conditions; arbitration clause and liability exclusions; credibility of witness evidence; improper High Court venue for low-value claim; claim dismissed for failure to prove contract.
7 September 2018
Whether a pre‑Land Act sale was void for lack of spousal consent or vendor insanity.
Civil appeal — amendment of memorandum of appeal — leave required under Order 43 Rule 2; appeal time computation; Land law — spousal consent under s.39(1)(c)(i) Land Act non‑retrospective; capacity to contract — evidence of insanity must be contemporaneous and raised timely; evaluation of credibility and possession evidence.
7 September 2018
Extension of time to appeal granted where applicant promptly acted after learning of ex parte decree; appeal to be filed and fixed promptly.
Civil procedure – Extension of time to appeal – requirement of "good cause"; balancing access to justice and finality of litigation; appeals from ex parte decrees under s.67(1) Civil Procedure Act; mistakes of counsel not necessarily visited on litigant; discretion to grant extension with conditions to expedite finality.
6 September 2018
Court granted extension to file judicial review due to advocate's inadvertent error, imposing strict filing and hearing timetable and awarding costs to respondent.
* Administrative law – judicial review – extension of time under Rule 5(1) – discretionary relief where there is "good reason". * Civil procedure – enlargement of time – mistakes of counsel – distinction between negligence and error of judgment – when negligence should not be visited on litigant. * Balance between access to justice and finality of administrative action – prejudice and arguability as considerations. * Conditions may be imposed when granting extension to protect public administration.
6 September 2018