HC: Civil Division (Uganda)

The Civil Division is a division of the high court. It's functions include: Hearing appeal cases from the Magistrates' courts in connection with torts committed against the person, Defamation, Bankruptcy and company winding up matters, Partnership matters,Companies matters, Real and personal property.

Physical address
Twed towers, along Kafu Road, Nakasero.
171 judgments
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171 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
December 2013
Habeas corpus limited to lawfulness of detention; Court Martial jurisdiction and charge validity are matters for trial court.
Habeas corpus — scope limited to lawfulness of custody; not for resolving trial issues — Court Martial jurisdiction over civilians; validity of charge and bail reserved for trial court.
20 December 2013

 

20 December 2013
Habeas corpus cannot challenge jurisdiction or charge validity after a civilian's arraignment, trial and conviction by court martial.
Habeas corpus — scope limited to lawfulness of custody; not a forum to re‑determine trial issues such as jurisdiction, charge validity or bail; General Court Martial jurisdiction — offences connected to unlawful possession of UPDF monopoly firearms and s.119(1)(h) UPDF Act; detention lawful where return shows arraignment, trial and conviction.
20 December 2013
Setting aside an ex parte judgment nullifies subsequent execution; applicant entitled to vacate execution and restoration of possession.
Civil procedure – setting aside ex parte judgment – correction of omission under s.99 CPA – effect on execution and status quo; execution following set-aside judgment unlawful; affidavits – striking out offensive paragraphs (O.6 r.10, r.30, r.19); res judicata and functus officio considered and rejected.
19 December 2013
Interlocutory injunction dismissed because supporting affidavit was incurably defective for failing to distinguish knowledge, belief and information.
Interlocutory relief – temporary injunction – O.41 r.1 and O.52 r.1-3 CPR; Affidavits – O.19 r.3 – must distinguish knowledge, belief and information and disclose sources; incurably defective affidavit defeats interlocutory application; dismissal and costs; leave to appeal granted.
19 December 2013
Decision to invest MPs’ gratuities without prior consent was unlawful; MPs retain statutory right to annual (or chosen) gratuity, limited damages awarded.
Parliamentary remuneration – gratuity entitlement – s.2 Parliament (Remuneration of Members) Act and Art.85 Constitution – validity of Parliamentary Commission investing members’ gratuities without individual consent – unlawful implementation but no permanent deprivation of property where funds were held for members’ benefit – representative action remedies and quantum of damages.
13 December 2013
Removal of union general secretary for failures and forged minutes was lawful; subsequent acts declared null and injuncted.
Labour unions – Removal of office bearer – Compliance with union constitution and Labour Unions Act – Failure to hold annual/ delegates meetings; Holding union office while a full‑time paid civil servant (s.31(3) Labour Unions Act 2006) – Forgery of minutes and improper bank account operation – Declarations, injunction and return of property granted; damages not proven.
11 December 2013
Appellate court ordered retrial after finding the magistrate’s one‑sided judgment failed to assess evidence and ignored an interlocutory judgment.
* Civil procedure – appeal – re-evaluation of evidence – appellate duty to reassess findings of fact and law; * Trial fairness – one‑sided judgment and failure to consider all evidence – miscarriage of justice; * Effect of interlocutory judgment against one party on related parties deriving interest; * Remedial order – retrial where trial is incomplete or improperly reasoned.
10 December 2013
Court refused temporary injunction in LC1 appointment dispute, citing procedural defects and need to preserve the status quo.
* Constitutional and administrative law – challenge to village LC1 appointment – correct procedure for election disputes under section 168 Local Government Act vs ordinary plaint. * Civil procedure – interlocutory relief – requirements for temporary injunction; preservation of status quo; injunctions that would alter status quo are improper. * Public office and defendants – whether an officer acted in official capacity such that the District is the proper party to be sued.
6 December 2013
Appeal allowed: trial magistrate mis-evaluated evidence and wrongly applied bona fide purchaser doctrine to unregistered land; matter remitted for locus in quo and fresh inquiry.
land law – wrongful alienation of unregistered land; evidence evaluation – requirement to frame issues and determine ownership; boundaries and locus in quo – necessity of on-site demarcation; bona fide purchaser for value without notice – inapplicable to unregistered land; remit for fresh inquiry under s.80(1)(c) Civil Procedure Act.
6 December 2013
Whether a registered transfer procured by forgery and irregular registration can be set aside despite a purported purchaser’s title.
* Contract law – sale of land – condition precedent – eviction of squatters as condition precedent to final payment; frustration where performance becomes radically different due to unforeseen costs. * Property law – land registration – caveat protection – transfer while caveat subsists contravenes statutory protection. * Fraud – forgery of caveat withdrawal and irregular registration sequence – proof on balance of probabilities to impeach registered title. * Bona fide purchaser – registered proprietor’s title impeachable if fraud attributable to transferee or her agents. * Remedies – cancellation of title, reversion of proprietorship, repayment of purchase price, exemplary damages, costs.
6 December 2013
Applicant’s long possession and an unchallenged sale agreement establish ownership; lower court erred in evaluating the evidence.
Land law – ownership by sale or gift and long possession – admissibility of secondary evidence of sale agreement – bona fide occupant and Limitation Act – appellate re-evaluation of evidence – death of witness does not expunge testimony.
3 December 2013
November 2013

Administrative law—students’ rights—university suspension—ultra vires action—fair hearing—procedural impropriety—status quo—balance of convenience—Vice Chancellor lacks authority to indefinitely suspend students without Student Affairs Committee hearing—suspension order quashed—injunction granted—students’ rights protected

29 November 2013
Court granted interim injunction preventing action on Tribunal report, finding prima facie case and irreparable harm to elected Lord Mayor.
* Judicial review – interim injunction to restrain executive action on a tribunal report pending review – urgency and ex parte relief under O.52 r.2; * Administrative law – status quo protection for elected office; * Res judicata – some tribunal-procedure issues precluded, others severable and reviewable; * KCCA Act S.12(17)–(20) – interplay between statutory remedies (representation and appeal) and availability of interlocutory judicial relief; * Irreparable harm – loss of elective office not adequately compensable by damages.
28 November 2013
The first appellant trespassed on ancestral kibanja; the second appellant did not; locus in quo irregularities were not fatal.
Land law; trespass to land – possession and capacity to sue; customary/ancestral (kibanja) holdings; weight of corroborative evidence; appellate re‑evaluation of facts; locus in quo irregularities – procedural irregularity but no miscarriage of justice.
22 November 2013
High Court set aside personal costs order, finding member had locus to bring derivative action for the cooperative.
* Company/Cooperative law – corporate personality and derivative actions – member’s locus to sue on behalf of cooperative – Foss v Harbottle; Salomon principles. * Civil procedure – locus standi and audi alteram partem – personal costs incorrectly imposed without hearing. * Supervisory jurisdiction – High Court setting aside magistrate’s costs order as unjust.
22 November 2013
Registrar cannot tax tribunal costs not ordered by the judge; excessive instruction fees reduced and taxation varied.
Civil procedure – Taxation of costs – Registrar’s role limited to taxing costs allowed by judge – Registrar lacks jurisdiction to tax tribunal costs not ordered by court; Advocates (Remuneration and Taxation of Costs) rules guide reasonableness of instruction fees; costs follow the event and, unless ordered otherwise, are joint and several against multiple parties.
13 November 2013
Appeal dismissed: respondent’s ownership upheld, district allocation unproven, damages sustained.
Land law – proof of ownership by long occupation – failure to prove district allocation; Evidence Act requirements for proving documentary allocation; parties and joinder (Order 1 r.10) – consent striking out; general damages and mesne profits – assessment and appellate interference.
12 November 2013
IGG lawfully investigated procurement irregularities; applicant not entitled to prerogative reliefs or damages.
* Administrative law – Judicial review of IGG investigations – scope of IGG powers under the Constitution, Inspectorate of Government Act and Whistleblowers Protection Act; * Procurement law – compliance with PPDA requirements; verification of bidder experience and responsiveness of bids; * Procedural fairness – what constitutes a fair hearing in administrative investigations; * Remedies – limits of prerogative orders where award decision is not a contract.
11 November 2013
Substitution of a deceased plaintiff refused where administrators' grant is under challenge in separate proceedings.
* Civil procedure – substitution of parties – substitution of deceased plaintiff – effect of a challenged grant of letters of administration; * Requirement that a legal representative be clothed with unchallenged authority where substantive, far‑reaching remedies are sought; * Reliance on Etima Iddi v Noah Abdallatiff.
8 November 2013
A custodial appointment to oversee clan land did not confer proprietary rights over land occupied before 1996.
Land law — clan land custodianship versus proprietary title; whether an appointment to 'keep' clan land transfers ownership; adverse occupation during owner's displacement; appellate review of trial magistrate's evaluation of evidence.
8 November 2013
Appeal allowed and retrial ordered because an inadequate locus in quo visit and poor appraisal of evidence undermined the trial judgment.
* Land law – boundary dispute – ownership and acreage contested – adequacy of evidence on encroachment and dates. * Civil procedure – locus in quo – Practice Direction 1 of 2007 – requirements for attendance, evidence, cross‑examination, recording and sketch plan. * Procedural irregularity – inadequate locus visit and sketch vitiating trial court’s holistic assessment – retrial ordered.
8 November 2013
Appellant’s unsigned sale document and lack of administration evidence failed to displace respondent’s customary inheritance rights.
* Land law – Customary tenure – proof of title – sale agreement not signed by alleged seller and not relied on by an assignee absent letters of administration. * Possession – requirement of uninterrupted occupation for prescriptive claims – earlier litigation negates continuous possession. * Inheritance under customary law – son’s equitable interest in father's land. * Appellate review – re-appraisal of evidence with deference to trial court's credibility findings.
8 November 2013
Whether an appeal is competent where the trial court ‘‘rejected and struck out’’ the plaint, converting it into a final order.
Civil procedure – plaint rejected under O.7 r.11 v. struck out under O.6 r.30 – appealability; whether leave required to appeal interlocutory orders; competence of appeal where trial order混es rejection and striking out; O.44 and appeal procedure.
8 November 2013
Revision and stay refused where application was premature, unreasonably delayed, and no security was provided.
Civil revision – jurisdiction and prematurity of applications – Order 52 CPR and section 83 CPA; Stay of execution – Order 43 r.4(3) CPR requirements: substantial loss, no unreasonable delay, security; Natural justice claim (Article 28) rejected where application was premature.
4 November 2013
October 2013
Claims for conversion of frozen accounts were time-barred and procedurally defective for lack of notice and locus standi.
Limitation law – action for conversion/money had and received – cause of action accrued in 1982; Limitation Act S.3(1)(a) applicable. Civil procedure – statutory notice (S.2(1)(a)) mandatory for suits against government; failure renders suit incurably bad. Locus standi – representative action requires same interest; absent here. Bank accounts – defreezing via 1993 Financial Institutions Act required claimants to pursue commercial banks. Equitable doctrines (tracing/laches) examined but limitation and procedural defects decisive.
31 October 2013
Habeas corpus cannot overturn detention justified by a subsequent valid court remand; earlier illegal arrest must be challenged by other remedies.
Constitutional law – Habeas corpus ad subjiciendum – Legality of detention – Effect of subsequent valid court remand on earlier alleged unlawful arrest/detention – Appropriate remedy to challenge charges or prosecution.
28 October 2013
A defaulting defendant cannot appeal an ex parte decree; the proper remedy is an application to set it aside, not an appeal.
Civil procedure — ex parte decree — remedy for defaulting defendant — Order IX r.27 CPR (application to set aside) and Order XLIV r.1(c) (appeal from refusal) — relationship with s.67(1) Civil Procedure Act — appeal versus setting aside — abuse of process.
24 October 2013
Appellate court upheld 1997 sales for five gardens but declared the 2009 sale void; sixth garden remains in deceased’s estate.
Succession/estate administration – validity of sale of deceased’s land – vendor’s authority – letters of administration; Evidence – appellate re-appraisal of facts vis-à-vis trial court’s advantage of demeanour; Contract of sale – defective vendor and nullity of sale; Customary/clan compensation – unenforceability by court.
21 October 2013
Court quashed university’s indefinite forced leave and recommended removal for lack of fair hearing, quorum and compliance with statutory rules.
Administrative law – Judicial review – Forced leave and removal from office – Natural justice and fair hearing – Statutory quorum for removal under Universities Act – Parliamentary referral to IGG/AG/CID – Conflict of interest – Employment Act and Public Service Regulations violated.
21 October 2013

 

21 October 2013
Court set aside ex parte judgment in land dispute, prioritising hearing inter partes despite prior refusal of service.
Civil procedure – setting aside ex parte judgment – discretionary exercise of court – appellate interference only for misdirection or plainly wrong decision; land disputes – strong interest in hearing inter partes; service of process – declining service does not automatically bar relief where defence exists and party is diligent.
21 October 2013
Court allowed amendment to withdraw an inadvertent admission, finding no prejudice and a bona fide mistake.
Civil procedure – Amendment of pleadings – Order 6 rule 19 – Leave to amend to withdraw inadvertent admission; principles: no prejudice, avoid multiplicity, bona fides, no illegality; interplay with judgment on admission (Order 13 r.6) and s.57 Evidence Act.
21 October 2013
Written sale terms limited the purchaser’s survey; unauthorised subdivision found, re-survey ordered and damages awarded for trespass.
Land law – breach of written sale agreement – interpretation of contractual description ('vacant' and 'closer to the gate'); trespass to land – unauthorised subdivision and occupation; burden of proof – requirement to produce mutation form or witnesses to establish consent; remedies – re-survey/specific performance via Registrar, damages and mesne profits.
18 October 2013
Where proceedings are withdrawn by consent after being overtaken by events, each party bears its own costs absent unreasonable conduct.
Costs — exercise of judicial discretion under section 27(1) CPA; withdrawal of proceedings by consent; proceedings overtaken by events; general rule: no order as to costs where matter terminated without hearing absent unreasonable conduct.
17 October 2013
Habeas corpus cannot be used to challenge whether a court-martial lawfully tries a civilian for alleged military-monopoly firearm possession.
Habeas corpus – scope limited to legality of detention and due process; not to determine substantive criminal charges; Military law – S.119(1)(g) & (h) UPDF Act – civilians found in unlawful possession of arms "ordinarily the monopoly of the Defence Forces" may be subject to military law and tried by General Court Martial; Prior authority – Namugerwa Hadija SCCA 4/2012 and Uganda Law Society v AG uphold court-martial jurisdiction in such circumstances.
7 October 2013
Appeal allowed: trial court mis-evaluated evidence, ignored LC1 res judicata and failed to visit locus in quo, judgment nullified.
Civil procedure – appeal and re-evaluation of trial evidence; proof and admissibility of documentary evidence (photocopied sale agreement); res judicata and duty to take judicial notice of an LC1 judgment; necessity of locus in quo inspection in land disputes; miscarriage of justice from procedural and evaluative errors.
3 October 2013
Appellant proved lifetime gift of disputed land; trial magistrate misdirected, appeal allowed and judgment entered for appellant.
Land law – proof of lifetime gift/distribution of land; evaluation of evidence in civil cases; standard of proof—reasonable degree of probability (Miller v Minister of Pensions); unchallenged evidence to be accepted (Habre International Co Ltd v Ebrahim); locus inspection irregularities; misdirection and miscarriage of justice.
3 October 2013

 

1 October 2013
September 2013
Judicial review application struck out as time‑barred; mandamus inappropriate for unascertained interest claims.
* Judicial review – limitation — Rule 5(1) Judicature (Judicial Review) Rules 2009 — three months promptness requirement; * Extension/leave to file out of time — Rule 5(2); * Mandamus — relief inappropriate for doubtful or unascertained rights (claimed interest not in consent judgment); * Judicial review threshold — need for decision tainted by illegality, irrationality or procedural impropriety; * Committal — premature before mandamus granted.
30 September 2013
Court dismissed defamation suit for want of prosecution after plaintiff failed to take steps for over two years.
* Civil procedure – dismissal for want of prosecution – Order 17 r 6(1) – inaction exceeding two years warrants dismissal; * Requirement of evidence for settlement attempts – absence of joint scheduling memorandum or report undermines after‑the‑fact assertions; * Defamation claim – undue delay in prosecution may justify dismissal.
30 September 2013
Claim for loss from eviction was time-barred; limitation runs from accrual, not from service of statutory notice on the government.
* Limitation of actions – tort claims against the government – two-year limitation period – period runs from accrual of cause of action, not from service of statutory notice on government. * Pleadings – cause of action must be determined from the plaint – eviction claim distinct from trespass; continuous tort not to be implied where plaint discloses otherwise. * Civil procedure – suit is instituted for limitation purposes when filed and stamped in court registry.
26 September 2013
Judgment on admission entered where the respondent clearly admitted breach; Shs 110M awarded, damages and costs reserved.
* Civil procedure – Judgment on admission – Order 13 r.6 CPR – admission must be clear and unambiguous; admitted facts need not be proved (Evidence Act s.22).; * Pleadings and Scheduling Memorandum – parties bound by agreed facts; scheduling conference to identify non-triable issues.; * Relevance of separate third-party suit – different parties and causes of action do not bar determination absent consolidation.
24 September 2013
Part performance vested the plaintiff with equitable title and specific performance was ordered to complete the land sale.
Equity – Part performance – Payment of part purchase price and taking vacant possession creates equitable title; Specific performance – Appropriate remedy for breach of land sale contract; Clean hands – Conduct frustrating completion defeats claimant’s equitable claim.
23 September 2013
Late service of a filed written statement of defence does not automatically justify striking it off.
Civil procedure — Order 8 r19 CPR — filing and delivery of defence — no statutory time limit for serving a filed WSD on the opposite party; Order 9 r1 CPR — sealing constitutes filing; counterclaim exceptions under O.8 rr8 & 11; court’s discretion to limit service time.
23 September 2013
A written statement of defence is effective on proper filing/sealing; delayed service does not automatically invalidate it.
Civil procedure – Written Statement of Defence – filing versus service – O.8 r19 CPR and O.9 r1 CPR – no automatic time limit for serving a filed WSD – counterclaims governed by O.8 r8 and O.8 r11 – discretion to limit service time – striking off WSD for delayed service not warranted without prejudice.
23 September 2013
Registered title is conclusive; respondent failed to prove kibanja/bona fide occupancy and was held a trespasser.
* Land law – registered (mailo) title – conclusiveness under Registration of Titles Act s.59; impeachment only for fraud. * Kibanja and customary tenure – burden to prove landlord consent or applicable customary law and 12 years unchallenged occupation. * Appellate review – duty to re-evaluate evidence but defer to trial court on demeanour unless plainly wrong. * Locus in quo – visit not mandatory; required only where factual verification of boundaries or features is necessary. * Trespass – unauthorized entry on land in legal possession gives right to sue, evict, injunct and claim damages.
20 September 2013
The applicant's res judicata and concurrent-jurisdiction objections were premature; the respondent’s substantive suit shall proceed to trial.
* Civil procedure – res judicata – requirements under section 7 CPA – former suit, same parties/title, and final decision on same matter.* Civil procedure – meaning of 'suit' – distinction between substantive suits and interlocutory/miscellaneous applications (Mityana Ginners).* Jurisdiction – concurrent jurisdiction and finality – prior miscellaneous orders do not oust court's original jurisdiction absent final adjudication on ownership.* Pleading res judicata – where contested, merits of succession or title require evidence at full trial.
18 September 2013
Ex parte decree not set aside where substituted service and service on counsel were proper and applicant had unclean hands.
Civil procedure – ex parte decree – application to set aside under O.9 r.27 CPR; substituted service by newspaper (Daily Monitor, New Vision) valid; service on advocate and process server presumed communicated; applicant must show sufficient cause and prima facie defence; party coming with unclean hands and in contempt disentitled to relief.
18 September 2013
Leave to amend plaint granted to correct pecuniary value; transfer to Magistrate’s Court refused for lack of justification and jurisdiction.
Civil procedure – Amendment of pleadings – O.6 r.19 CPR – amendment allowed to determine real questions in controversy; Transfer of suits – jurisdiction and onus – High Court retains jurisdiction over title cancellation under RTA; Limitation – preliminary objection premature, merits to be decided in main suit.
17 September 2013