Constitutional Court of Uganda - 2023

41 judgments
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41 judgments
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Judgment date
December 2023

 

13 December 2023
UNAIDS admitted as amicus for its HIV/public‑health expertise; pharmaceutical companies refused for lack of impartiality and relevance.
Amicus curiae — Judicature (Amicus Curiae) Rules 2022 — tests for admission: neutrality/impartiality, demonstrable expertise, novelty and public interest — UNAIDS admitted with conditions for its public-health expertise; pharmaceutical companies refused due to potential partiality and insufficiently focused assistance.
13 December 2023

 

13 December 2023
Applications for amicus curiae were denied for lack of neutrality and because their submissions duplicated parties' arguments.
Amicus curiae — admission criteria under Judicature (Amicus Curiae) Rules, 2022; requirement of neutrality and impartiality; demonstrable expertise; novelty of points of law; prohibition on duplicative submissions; public statements as evidence of partiality.
13 December 2023
October 2023
DPP’s valid withdrawal of charges rendered the constitutional petition moot; petition dismissed, each party to bear own costs.
Constitutional law — prosecutorial discretion — DPP’s power to discontinue proceedings (Article 120(3)(d)) — withdrawal (nolle prosequi) and mootness; Constitutional Court will not adjudicate academic or overtaken constitutional claims; civil remedies to be pursued in ordinary courts.
19 October 2023
6 October 2023
Court upholds Regulation 13 requiring 30%/50% deposit to adjourn mortgage sale as constitutional and within statutory power.
Constitutional law – Mortgage regulations – Adjournment or stoppage of mortgage sale conditioned on 30%/50% security deposit – Right of access to court and fair hearing – Delegated legislation and ultra vires challenge – Distinction from provisions that require payment before hearing (Fuelex).
6 October 2023
September 2023

 

28 September 2023
Petition challenging Accountants Act dismissed for failing to disclose a constitutional question and lacking essential particulars.
Constitutional jurisdiction – Article 137 – threshold requirement that petition disclose a cause of action and a real question of constitutional interpretation; Equality (Article 21) – challenge to section 5(3)(b) Accountants Act 2013 – petition dismissed for lack of particularized facts and evidence; remedy in ordinary court with possible reference to Constitutional Court if constitutional questions arise.
22 September 2023
Closed Appointments Committee proceedings do not breach constitutionally protected press or access rights; limitation is justifiable.
Parliamentary procedure – Committee on Appointments – closed sittings; Access to information – Article 41 and Access to Information Act; Freedom of expression and press – Article 29(1)(a); Limitation clause – Article 43(2)(c) and proportionality/Oakes test; Jurisdiction – Article 137 interpretation of statutory rules made under constitutional authority; Remedies – exhaustion of statutory access procedures.
12 September 2023
June 2023
Court dismisses petition, holding ACA s.20 a re‑enactment, delays technical, and no constitutional question arose.
* Constitutional law — Article 137 — jurisdiction of Constitutional Court — petition must show a question of constitutional interpretation; res judicata applies to earlier constitutional rulings. * Criminal law — principle of legality (Article 28(7),(8),(12)) — retrospective application of penal statutes; re‑enactment doctrine where a new act reaffirms prior criminal provisions. * Anti‑Corruption Act, 2009 s.20 — held to be re‑enactment of Penal Code s.269; conviction under s.20 for pre‑commencement conduct not unconstitutional where no heavier penalty was applied retroactively. * Civil procedure / court practice — delay in delivery or dating of judgments — technical irregularity; not necessarily fatal to validity under precedent. * Appeals — section 5(3) Judicature Act — appeals are creatures of statute; limitation on appeals against severity of sentence does not per se violate constitutional rights.
27 June 2023

 

6 June 2023
May 2023
A stay of execution was granted pending Supreme Court appeal to preserve the status quo and prevent a nugatory appeal.
Constitutional procedure – stay of execution pending appeal – Rule 6(2)(b) – requirements: timely notice of appeal, likelihood of success, risk of nugatory appeal, balance of convenience, absence of undue delay – preservation of status quo.
26 May 2023
An omnibus petition challenging many laws failed for lack of on‑face constitutional questions and insufficient proof; injunction refused.
Constitutional jurisdiction – article 137 – requirement that a petition show on its face a question of constitutional interpretation; omnibus petitions and misjoinder; burden of proof on petitioner to raise prima facie constitutional violations; injunctions against laws presumed constitutional; procedural provisions (court vacations, committal, government notice, leave to appeal) as non-justiciable/enforceable matters; emergency public health measures and permissible limitations on rights.
24 May 2023
Parliament’s failure to ascertain requisite quorum when passing the Act rendered the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act null and void.
Constitutional jurisdiction – Article 137 – petition discloses questions for interpretation; Parliamentary procedure – quorum – Article 88/89 and Rule 23 (Parliament Rules 2012) – duty to ascertain quorum and record numbers; Legislative validity – failure to meet quorum invalidates enactment; Separation/severability – inseparable provisions lead to invalidation of whole Act; Remedies – declaration of invalidity and costs.
6 May 2023
2 May 2023
March 2023
Court upheld statutory revocation of a provisional university licence as fair, dismissed bias and procedural challenges.
Administrative law – Higher education regulation – Statutory procedure for revocation of provisional university licence (section 98) – fairness in administrative decision-making – requirement to notify failures and allow opportunity to rectify; Constitutional jurisdiction – Article 137 – cause of action; Bias – alleged conflict where Council Chair is a Vice Chancellor – no evidence of actual or reasonable apprehension of bias; Validity of academic awards – awards issued after lawful revocation invalid.
17 March 2023
Court upholds cyber‑harassment offence, dismisses offensive‑communication charges, and preserves criminal libel as constitutional.
Constitutional law — freedom of expression — Computer Misuse Act: s24 (cyber harassment) held constitutionally valid; s25 (offensive communication) previously declared vague and unconstitutional (res judicata) — Penal Code s179 (criminal libel) upheld — Article 28(12) legality and Article 43 limitation test applied — online/offline speech distinction considered.
17 March 2023
Majority dismisses challenges to Uganda Communications Act; one judge declares Section 21(b) violates property rights.
Constitutional law — freedom of expression and press — independence of communications regulator versus ministerial oversight — permissible limitations under Article 43; Property rights — licence requirement for disposal of radio communications apparatus — limitation analysis and procedural safeguards; Equality — exemptions for State security services justified on national security; Administrative justice — minimum broadcasting standards and judicial review.
17 March 2023
Penal sanctions for organisers and participants of peaceful but unauthorized assemblies under POMA are unconstitutional and proceedings stayed.
* Constitutional law – Freedom of assembly – Article 29(1)(d) – Notification and regulation of public meetings under POMA – permissible limitations versus disproportionate penal sanctions. * Public Order Management Act, 2013 – Sections 5 and 10 – criminal liability for organisers/participants of peaceful but unauthorized assemblies – held unconstitutional to that extent. * Constitutional limits – Article 43 proportionality – international jurisprudence (ECtHR) on unauthorized peaceful demonstrations.
17 March 2023
Blanket tax‑information notices to banks violated account holders’ constitutional right to privacy; statutory investigatory powers require safeguards.
Constitutional law — Tax procedure — Statutory powers of access to premises, records and data storage devices (sections 41 & 42, Tax Procedures Code Act 2014) — Right to privacy (Article 27) — Scope and limits of investigatory powers — Blanket information notices to banks — Proportionality, need for objective grounds/probable cause and safeguards — Privilege and self‑incrimination — Limits on application of Article 28 (fair hearing) to administrative investigations.
9 March 2023
Discontinuation of criminal proceedings is the DPP’s exclusive constitutional power; State Attorney amendments without DPP authorisation are invalid.
Constitutional law – Article 120(3)(d) and 120(4)(b) – Exclusivity of DPP’s power to discontinue criminal proceedings – Invalidity of amended charge sheet filed by State Attorney without DPP discontinuation – Proper procedure where accused settles with complainant.
3 March 2023
The applicant challenged church marriage requirements; the court held the respondent's guidelines constitutional and dismissed the petition.
Constitutional law – right to marry (Art.31) – parental blessing vs free consent; Right to privacy (Art.27) – pre‑marital HIV testing and informed consent; Equality and non‑discrimination (Art.33) – differential treatment of bride; Religious freedom and institutional autonomy – internal marriage guidelines; Burden of proof in constitutional petitions.
2 March 2023

 

2 March 2023
The Court found the treason provision not vague and its limitation on expression justifiable; pre-committal mention practice not per se unconstitutional.
Criminal law – Treason (s.23(2)(a) Penal Code) – Void for vagueness – Constitutional interpretation and harmonisation with Article 3(2) – Limitation of freedom of expression under Article 43 – DPP committal discretion and magistrates’ pre-committal mentions – speedy trial and torture allegations.
2 March 2023
Whether statutory and guideline provisions allowing voting by lining up for local elections violate constitutional guarantees of free, secret and non‑discriminatory elections.
Constitutional law — local government elections — voting by lining up versus secret ballot — compatibility with Articles 1(4), 61 and 68(6); electoral administration — Electoral Commission Guidelines, voters’ registers, and complaints mechanisms; discrimination — impact on women and persons with disabilities; parliamentary power to exempt certain elections from secret ballot.
2 March 2023
A constitutional challenge to statutory third‑party motor insurance provisions (government exemption, suspension, liability caps) was dismissed.
Constitutional law — jurisdiction under Article 137; Equality and discrimination — government vehicle exemption from compulsory third‑party insurance; Access to justice — suspension of statutory Nominal Defendant scheme; Insurance regulation — caps on insurer liability do not extinguish tortfeasor liability; Mootness — dependent claims where primary issue resolved negatively.
2 March 2023

 

2 March 2023
February 2023
Statutory provisions permitting marriage of 16–17-year-olds are unconstitutional; only persons aged eighteen or older may marry.
Constitutional law – Family law – Minimum marriage age – Article 31(1) – Pre-1995 statutes (CMRA, MDMA, HMDA) permitting marriage of 16–17-year-olds inconsistent with Constitution; Article 274 (existing law) does not bar constitutional challenge; statutory provisions to be read as permitting marriage only for persons aged 18 or above.
20 February 2023
Court held ministerial consultation with local government satisfies constitutional participation; petition dismissed for lack of factual foundation.
Constitutional law – public participation – Section 25(1) Uganda Wildlife Act 2019 requires consultation with local government council; consultation through elected local representatives satisfies Objective II(i) and Articles on participation. Administrative action – declaration of protected areas – factual determination of land location is decisive; challenge premised on incorrect factual foundation fails. Property rights – compulsory acquisition – where claimant fails to establish ownership or location, no breach of Articles 26 and 237 is made out. Remedies – petition dismissed; no order as to costs (public interest).
20 February 2023
Section 91’s correction/cancellation powers for erroneous or illegal titles do not violate property, fair hearing, or equality rights.
Land law — Cancellation/correction of certificates of title under Section 91 — Illegally issued title a nullity (no indefeasibility) — Administrative hearings under Article 42 not Article 28 — Right to notice, hearing and appeal to district land tribunal — Property rights/compensation (Article 26) and equality (Article 21) not contravened.
20 February 2023
Whether Land Act procedures and District Land Boards' leasing of degazetted land comply with Article 237's protection of customary tenure.
Constitutional law — Land law — Article 237 (land ownership) — Customary tenure — Certificates of customary ownership and conversion to freehold — Role of Area Committees and District Land Boards — Degazetted/former public land — District Land Boards may allocate land not owned by any person or authority; however administering/leasing land that in law reverted to customary owners is inconsistent with Article 237 except where leases derive from reversion to non-citizen leases or where evidence establishes lack of ownership.
20 February 2023
Court dismissed applicants' claim for lack of jurisdiction, holding it to be enforcement of rights rather than constitutional interpretation.
Constitutional jurisdiction – Article 137 – distinction between questions of constitutional interpretation and enforcement of rights under Article 50; accessibility – sign language interpretation in health services; rights of persons with disabilities – equality, dignity, health, privacy, freedom from degrading treatment; remedy and forum – appropriate forum for enforcement is competent courts under Article 50.
20 February 2023
Petition challenging salary-setting procedures and presidential directives dismissed; issues largely enforcement matters, not constitutional interpretation.
Constitutional law – Public service commissions’ advisory role versus enforcement; Article 158(2) – Parliamentary prescription of offices and emoluments; Executive initiation of remuneration proposals subject to parliamentary appropriation; Chief Justice’s duty to prepare estimates under Article 155; No prohibition on direct engagement between public servants and the President.
20 February 2023
Remanding capital-accused by a magistrate does not violate the applicant's right to a fair, speedy trial.
Constitutional law – Criminal procedure – Production and remand of persons accused of capital offences before magistrates – Sections 166 & 167 Magistrates Courts Act – Article 23(4) (48-hour production) – Article 28(1) (fair, speedy hearing) – Ancillary/auxiliary jurisdiction – Harmonization and purposive interpretation – Article 274 modification of existing law – DPP independence (Article 120(6)).
15 February 2023
Majority finds military trial of a civilian unconstitutional and orders discharge and transfer to civilian custody.
Constitutional law – military courts – General Court Martial – jurisdiction limited to persons subject to military law and service offences – constitutionality of sections of UPDF Act – civilians and military jurisdiction – Article 28(1) fair trial; Article 126(1) judicial power; stare decisis and Kabaziguruka precedent.
3 February 2023
January 2023
The court held that UPDF officers could be appointed to ministerial positions without contravening the Constitution.
Constitutional Law – Appointment of UPDF officers to ministerial posts – Non-partisanship requirement – Consistency of UPDF Act sections with constitutional provisions – Mootness in judicial review.
27 January 2023
Constitutional Court lacks jurisdiction to relitigate settled interpretation that Article 98(4) grants presidential immunity from suit during tenure.
Constitutional jurisdiction – Article 137 – Requirement of a question necessitating constitutional interpretation; Presidential immunity – Article 98(4) – Sitting President immune from court proceedings during term (except election petitions); Distinction between constitutional interpretation and enforcement of rights (High Court jurisdiction).
16 January 2023
A petition challenging proposed bail reforms was dismissed as speculative, procedurally defective and non-justiciable.
Constitutional law — Justiciability — Article 137(3): challengeable matters must be existing Acts, laws or acts under authority of law, not speculative proposals; Procedural law — Service: failure to effect personal service on a respondent may justify dismissal under CPR Order 9 r.19 as adapted; Evidence — Newspaper reports are hearsay and inadmissible to establish facts in constitutional petitions; Constitutional immunity — President protected from suit under Article 98(4); Remedies — Threatened infringements not raising constitutional interpretation should be pursued under Article 50 or other competent courts.
16 January 2023
The applicant challenged Section 25 as vague; the Court held it infringed freedom of expression.
Constitutional law – Freedom of expression – Computer Misuse Act s.25 (offensive electronic communication) – vagueness and overbreadth – doctrine of fair notice – proportionality under Article 43(2)(c) – stay of enforcement – costs.
10 January 2023
Court balanced open justice and witness protection, ordering redaction of sexual-violence witnesses' names with limited access to unredacted affidavits.
Constitutional law — Open justice (art.28(1)) v. witness anonymity; protection of sexual-violence survivors; redaction of affidavits; court powers under section 98 Civil Procedure Act; limited sealing/unredacted-copy regime; costs to abide outcome.
9 January 2023