East African Court of Justice

383 judgments
  • Filters
  • Judges
  • Topics
  • Alphabet
Sort by:
383 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
January 2026
Stay granted pending appeal of Trial Court order restraining swearing-in of the applicant's EALA MPs.
Treaty interpretation – Article 50 (Election of EALA members) and Article 52 (reserved national competence); interlocutory relief – stay of execution under Rule 87 (arguable appeal, substantial loss, delay, security, balance of convenience); jurisdictional limits of regional court; preservation of Partner State representation in regional legislature; continuity of Community legal representation despite CTC vacancy.
19 January 2026
November 2025
A one-day late service due to difficulty accessing an incarcerated applicant was excused; respondent’s response validated and application dismissed.
Civil procedure — Computation of time (Rule 3) — Service on incarcerated persons — Extension of time and validation of late service under Rules 4 and 5 for "sufficient reason" — One-day delay excused where bona fide difficulty and no prejudice — Strike‑out refused.
28 November 2025
Applicant failed to prove that the appointment of a sitting judge as DPP breached Treaty good‑governance or Ugandan law.
Treaty law — Articles 6(d) and 7(2) — judicial independence and separation of powers — compatibility of a sitting judge’s appointment as Director of Public Prosecutions — leave of absence vs resignation — Public Service Commission headhunting and Regulation 17(3) — parliamentary in‑camera vetting and Rule 165(2) — burden of proof for Treaty breaches.
27 November 2025
The applicants' claim dismissed as time‑barred and moot for relying on expired water‑release policies.
Treaty jurisdiction – Article 30(2) two‑month limitation – time‑bar and ratione temporis – mootness and doctrine of mootness – Agreed Curve and New Water Release and Abstraction Policy not in force – continuing‑violation doctrine rejected – burden of proof on applicant to show timely filing – riparian flooding claims based on expired policy.
27 November 2025
Failure to exhaust an agreed arbitration clause ousts the Court's jurisdiction; Reference dismissed with costs.
Arbitration clause – mandatory amicable settlement then arbitration – exhaustion of agreed arbitration as substantive precondition to EACJ jurisdiction – party autonomy and forum selection – dismissal for lack of jurisdiction (ratione materiae).
26 November 2025
Reference dismissed as time-barred under Article 30(2); Court lacked jurisdiction ratione temporis.
Treaty limitation — Article 30(2) two-month period; accrual of cause of action; jurisdiction ratione temporis; pursuit of domestic remedies does not suspend or extend Treaty time limits; continuing-violation doctrine inapplicable; dismissal for being time-barred; costs follow the event.
25 November 2025
Court stayed implementation of an international trade agreement pending Reference, finding likely irreparable environmental harm.
Interim relief – interlocutory injunction – trifold test (serious triable issue; irreparable injury; balance of convenience) – international trade agreement – environmental irreparability – Article 39 Treaty powers – notification under Article 37 and variable geometry.
24 November 2025
Court restrained EALA from seating Somalia’s nominees pending determination that alleged Article 50 breaches be fully adjudicated.
Treaty interpretation – Article 50 (election of EALA members) – pre-seating challenges within EACJ jurisdiction; Article 52 – post-seating membership questions reserved to domestic organs; Interim relief – Giella v Cassman Brown three-limb test applied; Preservation of institutional integrity and representativeness in regional bodies; Certification of urgency.
21 November 2025
Court accepts jurisdiction over post‑accession events, refuses strike‑out for untranslated documents, allows translations and new evidence.
Treaty interpretation – non-retroactivity; jurisdiction ratione materiae and ratione temporis – Article 28 References by Partner States; Article 30(2) time limit inapplicable to inter-State References; procedure – language of Court and Rule 11 translations; Rule 47 strike-out powers; discretion to admit late evidence and translations; authentication of affidavits – factual inquiry.
21 November 2025
March 2025
7 March 2025
7 March 2025
7 March 2025
A dismissal order is not capable of execution; stay under rule 87 is unavailable and the application is dismissed.
Civil procedure — Stay of execution — Rule 87(1)-(4) — stay only of orders capable of execution; dismissal orders not executable; inherent powers (rule 4) cannot be used to override express procedural rules; costs follow the event.
6 March 2025
Trial court's bifurcation and premature finding on the respondent's institutional status was procedurally irregular; matter remitted for full hearing.
Procedure — Bifurcation of proceedings — Jurisdictional objections involving mixed questions of law and fact — Fair hearing and equality of arms — Rule of law — Premature determination of institutional status — Remittal for full hearing.
4 March 2025
Court declined to strike out a late, imperfect Amended Record and allowed the appeal to proceed; each party bears its own costs.
Civil procedure – Appeal – Application to strike out Amended Record of Appeal under rule 91 – Timeliness and scope of amendments – Competence of affidavits sworn by counsel – Discretion on costs; treaty interpretation – public interest in saving appeals.
3 March 2025
Review denied where alleged new evidence was known or discoverable and no error apparent on the record.
Judicial review — Article 35(3) Treaty & Rules 83/123 — exceptional remedy for newly discovered evidence, mistake or error on face of record — requirements of unknown, undiscoverable and decisive fact — review not a disguised appeal.
3 March 2025
February 2025
Reference dismissed as time‑barred under Article 30(2); temporal jurisdiction begins when national court decision crystallizes the cause of action.
Treaty interpretation — Article 30(2) — two‑month limitation period; jurisdiction ratione temporis; review of state organs and national courts; time of accrual/knowledge of cause of action; costs follow the event.
28 February 2025
25 February 2025
November 2024
The applicant's challenge to mandatory pregnancy testing and expulsion was dismissed as time‑barred under Article 30(2).
Treaty jurisdiction – Article 30(2) two‑month limitation; ratione temporis; pre‑existing policy v later statements; time‑barred complaints; jurisdictional dismissal.
29 November 2024
Court found jurisdiction and a cause of action but dismissed the Reference as moot after the respondent State’s accession to the EAC.
EAC law — Admission of new member — Jurisdiction ratione materiae under Articles 23 and 27(1) — Cause of action under Article 30(1) — Mootness/overtaken by events after accession — Pre‑accession human‑rights violations not governed by Treaty (pacta sunt servanda/Vienna Convention).
29 November 2024
Whether a constitutional electoral commission may intervene and whether overlapping intervention applications should be consolidated.
Procedure – Intervention by constitutional body – Leave to intervene under Article 40 and Rule 59 – Overlapping interlocutory applications – Consolidation and judicial economy versus procedural fairness – Unified decision on substantively identical intervention applications.
28 November 2024
A constitutional commission’s bid to intervene was dismissed for lack of a distinct, indispensable interest and potential duplication.
Intervention – Article 40 Treaty – Rule 59(4) – standing of state organ/constitutional commission to intervene – distinction between Article 30 References and Article 40 intervention – requirement of direct and substantial interest – avoidance of duplicative representation – preliminary objection on jurisdiction dismissed.
28 November 2024
EACJ may review Partner State compliance with the Treaty but lacks appellate power to overturn or stay apex court judgments.
Jurisdiction — East African Court of Justice — distinction between Treaty-compliance review and appellate/merit review — Articles 6 and 7 Treaty — limits on staying or overturning Partner State apex court decisions — separability doctrine — interim conservatory relief.
28 November 2024
Repossession of purchased land without compensation violated national law and Treaty; applicant awarded compensation entitlement and US$5,000,000 general damages.
Property law — Purchase from concessionaire — Cabinet/ministerial authorisation to dispose — Cancellation of title and repossession without hearing or compensation — Violation of national law and Treaty (Articles 6(d), 7(2)) — Locus standi of deceased's estate — Compensation and general damages.
28 November 2024
Court affirmed Treaty jurisdiction but refused interim injunctions for lack of demonstrated irreparable harm.
Treaty interpretation – Jurisdiction ratione materiae under Articles 27(1) & 30(1); exhaustion of local remedies not mandatory; interim orders – trifold test (serious triable issue; irreparable injury; balance of convenience); refusal where irreparable harm not shown and attempted stay of non‑existent taxation deemed abuse of process.
26 November 2024
The Court lacked jurisdiction over African Charter complaints and dismissed the untimely Reference, awarding costs to the respondent.
Jurisdiction — ratione materiae v. ratione temporis — EACJ jurisdiction limited to Treaty interpretation and application; African Charter/African Commission matters are external; Article 30(2) two‑month time bar; consolidation refused where no jurisdiction.
26 November 2024
October 2024
A reference challenging tariff preference denial was dismissed as time-barred for being filed one day late.
Treaty procedure — Article 30(2) limitation — computation of months under Laws of the Community (Interpretation) Act s.63 — corresponding-date rule (corresponding date less one) — jurisdiction ratione temporis — time-bar — preferential tariff/Rules of Origin challenge not reached on merits.
11 October 2024
Reference dismissed for being unsupported by a mandatory affidavit and for lack of authorised representation of the 2nd Applicant.
Civil procedure – Competency of Reference – Requirement for supporting affidavit under Rule 25(3) – Corporate representation and locus standi under Rule 19(5) – Affidavits as evidence not amenable to amendment – Prior expurgated affidavit cannot support subsequent filing.
10 October 2024
March 2024
Recusal application dismissed for delay and failure to establish reasonable apprehension of judicial bias; costs awarded to respondent.
Judicial recusal — reasonable apprehension of bias — presumption of impartiality — burden on applicant to adduce objective evidence — timing/abuse of process — judge’s duty to sit — costs follow the event.
27 March 2024
Court held Tanzania's 2019 amendments did not breach EAC Treaty or Common Market Protocol and dismissed the Reference.
Treaty compliance — national legislation — three-part proportionality test (law/clarity; pressing and substantial objective; proportionality) — public participation and certificate of urgency — clarity of statutory language — regulation of NGOs, companies, societies and film industry — alignment with anti–money laundering obligations — remedial avenues and judicial review.
27 March 2024
No Treaty breach found; applicants failed to prove lawful land ownership—Reference dismissed.
Treaty law – Articles 6(d) & 7(2) (good governance, rule of law) – Procedural fairness – Special Court procedure (Article 58) – Joining preliminary questions with merits (Article 5 principle) – Customary land acquisition vs. formal title – Burden of proof – Reliefs and costs.
27 March 2024
The Court dismissed the Reference and Application as time-barred under Article 30(2), holding the MoU signing began the two-month limitation.
Treaty time-limits – Article 30(2) EAC Treaty – two-month limitation – starting point: act first effected (signing of MoU) – arrival of implementation equipment not a new cause – no power to extend time – jurisdiction ratione temporis – dismissal of time-barred Reference.
26 March 2024
Reference dismissed: Court lacks jurisdiction over pre-accession acts and the claim is time-barred under Article 30(2).
Treaty jurisdiction – ratione temporis – Article 30(2) two-month limitation – non-retroactivity of Treaty – knowledge of cause of action – time-bar – costs discretion.
26 March 2024
February 2024
State cancellation of a land title without forensic proof breaches Article 6(d); trial court awarded excessive relief (ultra petita).
Property law – Presumption of authenticity of title deeds – Allegation of fraudulent title requires special action/forensic inquiry under domestic law; Treaty (Art. 6(d), 7(2)) – state cancellation without proof breaches rule of law; Appellate jurisdiction (Arts. 35/35A) – limits of appeal; Ultra petita – remedy remitted to trial court.
27 February 2024
November 2023
Court dismissed Treaty challenge for lack of temporal jurisdiction under Article 30(2) and non-retroactivity.
Jurisdiction — Article 30(2) EAC Treaty — ratione temporis — two-month time limit — challenge to statute measured from date of enactment — no continuing breach doctrine; Treaty non-retroactivity; refusal to entertain References impugning laws enacted before Treaty entry into force.
30 November 2023
Reference challenging EACOP agreements dismissed as time‑barred under Article 30(2); court lacked jurisdiction ratione temporis.
Procedure — Preliminary objections — Limitation and jurisdiction ratione temporis under Article 30(2) of the Treaty — Court confined to pleadings and attachments — No power to extend or condone statutory two‑month filing period.
29 November 2023
Appeal allowed and reference remitted after trial court failed to consider affidavits, improperly discounted expert evidence, and misapplied proof standard.
Administrative law — evaluation of evidence — requirement to analyse and give reasons for excluding affidavits; Evidence — expert evidence — court may summon or require production of documents under Rule 66(3) and inherent powers; Standard of proof — civil cases require balance of probabilities; Remedies — remittal for rehearing de novo where procedural/legal errors occasion prejudice; Costs — award of costs to successful appellant.
29 November 2023
Reference dismissed for failure to accompany the Statement of Reference with required documentary evidence; merits not considered.
Court procedure — Rule 24(3) Rules of Procedure 2013 — Requirement that a Statement of Reference seeking annulment be accompanied by documentary evidence at filing — Failure to file documentary evidence renders Reference improperly before Court — Late filing of documents does not cure non-compliance — Court will not consider merits where mandatory procedural rule breached.
29 November 2023
Applicant has locus standi, but Reference dismissed as time-barred; Court lacked jurisdiction to hear merits.
EACJ — jurisdiction ratione temporis — Article 30(2) Treaty — computation of two-month limitation by calendar months; locus standi of corporate applicant; land dispossession and compensation claims; dismissal for being time-barred; costs — each party to bear own costs.
28 November 2023
Whether a consent judgment signed by a registrar without a proper judicial quorum may be set aside.
Civil procedure — Consent judgment — Rule 62 (recording compromise) — Requirement that Court satisfy itself and entry by proper Bench — Rule 69 quorum — Decree signed by Registrar without proceedings is void — Slip rule cannot cure nullity — Locus standi to seek review — Change of counsel and extension of time — Res judicata and functus officio inapplicable where no valid judgment.
27 November 2023
A record of appeal lacking the mandatory notice of appeal is incompetent and may be struck out with costs.
Procedure — Appeal competence — Notice of Appeal mandatory — Service and affidavit of service — Rules 88, 89, 96, 98, 101, 109 and 91 — Record of Appeal must include Notice of Appeal — Failure to prove service — Costs follow event (Rule 127).
23 November 2023
Reference dismissed as time‑barred under Article 30(2); court lacked jurisdiction to adjudicate alleged border‑closure claims.
Treaty limitation — Article 30(2) two‑month time bar — strict application; jurisdiction ratione temporis; expunged affidavits and substitution; alleged border‑closure/trade rights not reached on merits.
15 November 2023
May 2023
Quorum rules set by the Council under Article 15(2) are distinct from Article 13 membership and did not render the 39th meeting unlawful.
Treaty interpretation – membership versus quorum – Article 13 (membership) vs Article 15(2) (Council’s power to set procedure) – Rules of Procedure on quorum; Sectoral Council composition; consistency of subsidiary rules with Treaty.
31 May 2023
An employment claim under Article 31 was time‑barred by the Staff Rules' 12‑month limitation; appeal dismissed.
Employment disputes — Article 31 Treaty jurisdiction — interaction with Staff Rules — Regulation 104 (12‑month limitation) — jurisdiction ratione temporis — expired contract — time‑barred claims.
30 May 2023
Appeal dismissed; Court upheld that specified political‑party amendments unjustifiably limited Treaty‑protected democratic rights.
Constitutional/Regional law – Political parties legislation – Vagueness and overbreadth – Limitation of Treaty rights – Burden of proof – Three‑tier proportionality test – Jurisdiction of EACJ – Costs in public interest litigation.
26 May 2023
Reference filed outside Article 30(2) two‑month limit is time‑barred; cause of action is to be determined from pleadings.
Treaty law – Article 30(2) – two‑month limitation for References; jurisdiction ratione temporis; cause of action to be gleaned from pleadings; scheduling conference issues binding; Ombudsman decision not a separate cause where pleadings target another act; costs – each party to bear own costs.
24 May 2023
Reference alleging continued withholding of frozen funds was time‑barred under Article 30(2); trial court rightly dismissed it.
Treaty law — Article 30(2) limitation — commencement of time; strict interpretation; continuous breach vs instantaneous acts; jurisdictional bar; detinue claim; procedural remittal; costs discretion.
22 May 2023
February 2023
Court allowed six‑day late filing, deeming the Record of Appeal filed on time under Rule 5 for sufficient reasons.
Civil procedure — Extension of time (Rule 5) — "sufficient reason" — six‑day delay — failure to serve application for proceedings — procedural slips not fatal — costs to abide appeal outcome.
27 February 2023
An appeal from a Principal Judge’s single-judge refusal to admit amicus curiae is not appealable to the Appellate Division; remedy lies with the Full Court.
Appellate jurisdiction — Appealability of single-judge decisions — Amicus curiae applications under Rule 60 EACJ Rules 2019 — Quorum and interlocutory matters under Rule 69 — Remedy under Rule 69(3) to have single-judge decision varied, discharged or reversed by Full Court.
24 February 2023
Whether the Appellate Division can hear appeals from a single-judge denial of amicus curiae — court held it lacked jurisdiction.
Court procedure — Amicus curiae — Rule 60 (Principal Judge may grant leave as single judge) — Single-judge decisions — Rule 69(3) (full bench review) — Appellate Division jurisdiction — Locus standi — Extension of time to appeal.
24 February 2023