East African Court of Appeal

Criminal law-Corruption-Ingredients of offence-Penal Code, s. 78 (1), s. 79, s. 80 (U.)

Evidence-Standard of proof-Trespass-Allegation of wrongful entry and removal of a large sum—Standard of proof applicable. 
Damages-Trespass-Appeal on quantum-When appellate court will interfere 
on a question of quantum of damages. 

Immigration Child—Adopted child—Lawful adoption under Hindu law--Entry permit sought for “my son”—Adoption not disclosed—Entry of child permitted-Removal order made-Burden of proof that child lawfully in territory-No misrepresentation by child—Meaning of “child” —Immigration Ordinance, 1956, s. 7 (1), s. 8, s. 11, s. 18 (2), s. 19 (K.)—Immigration (Control) Ordinance, 1948, (Cap. 51), s. 5 (1) (i), s. 6, s. 7 (1), s. 8 (K.)— Defence (Admission of Women and Children) Regulations, 1940, Reg. 3— Immigration (Control) (Exemption) Regulations, 1948, Reg. 3 (d) (K.)— Interpretation and General Provisions Ordinance, 1956, s. 3 (1) (K.)—Im- D migration Restriction Ordinance (Cap. 62), (K.)—Deportation (Immigrant British Subjects) Ordinance, 1949, s. 2 (2) (K.)—Adoption of Children Ordinance (Cap. 21), s. 7 (1) (K.)—Indian Evidence Act, 1872, s. 114— Poor Removal Act, 1846, s. 1. 

Criminal law-Burglary and housebreaking-Distinction-Housebreaking committed at night charged and proved-Whether in charge of housebreaking necessary to prove offence committed other than at night-Penal Code, s. 258 (1), s. 265 and s. 294 (T.). 
 

Trade Union - Contravention by union secretary of statute governing unions - Cancellation by registrar of registration of union—Whether a contravention by secretary equivalent to contravention by trade union-Trade Union Ordinance (Cap. 381), s. 14, s. 15, s. 32 and s. 44 (T.)—Trade Union Decree, 1941, s. 17 (Z.). 
 

Will-Attestation-Will of Hindu in East Africa—Whether attestation necessary -Indian Succession Act, 1865, s. 2, s. 50 and s. 331-Hindu Wills Act, 1870, s. 2—East African Order-in-Council, 1897, s. 5 and s. 11 (b)(c) and(e), Will-Revocation-Hindu in Kenya-Will of property in Kenya-Whether informal intention sufficient to revoke will-Indian Succession Act, 1865, s. 57—Indian Wills Act, 1870, s. 2—East Africa Order-in-Council, 1897, s. 5 and s. 11 (b) (c) and (e). 
 

Statute-Rules made under statutory powers-Specified Minister authorised to make rules-Rules made by Chief Secretary—Whether rules ultra vires— Urban Authorities Ordinance, 1958, s. 2 and s. 67 (1) (U.)—Urban Authorities Rules, 1959, r. 18 (U.). 
Evidence-Presumption of existence of facts—Minister empowered to make rules-Rules made by Chief Secretary-Governor empowered to direct a public officer to exercise powers of another public officer-No evidence of direction-Whether court must presume that rules duly made-Urban Authorities Ordinance, 1958, s. 2 and s. 67 (U.)—Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance (Cap. 1), s. 16 (U.)—Interpretation and General Clauses (Amendment) Ordinance, 1959, s. 3 (U.)—Evidence Ordinance (Cap. 9), s. 4 and s. 112 (U.)—Indian Evidence Act, 1872, s. 4 and s. 114. 

Criminal law-Unlawful assembly-Particulars of charge-Charge alleging assembly with intent to commit an offence—Intended offence not specified in charge—Whether charge defective—Penal Decree, s. 72 (Z.). 
 

Criminal law—Unlawful assembly—Particulars of charge—Assembly with intent to commit an offence—Offence intended not specified—Whether charge defective -Penal Decree, s. 71, s. 72 and s. 173 (d) (Z.)—Criminal Procedure Decree, s. 128 (Z.)—Zanzibar Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Decree, 1939 (Z.). 
 

Criminal law-Murder-Provocation—Misdirection—Failure to consider all evidence consistent with provocation-Whether retaliation excessive— Conviction reduced to manslaughter-Penal Code, s. 203 and s. 209 (K.)— Penal Code, s. 202 (T.)—Native Liquor Ordinance, s. 4 and s. 30 (K.). 
 

Practice-Pauper—Application to sue as pauper-Procedure to be followed by court when application made—Civil Procedure Rules, O. 30, r. 4, r. 5 and r. 6; O. 46, r. 1, r. 2, r. 3 and r. 4 (U.)—Uganda Order in Council, 1902, s. 15 (2A) (U.). Pauper-Practice—Application to sue as pauper-Procedure to be followed by court when application made—Civil Procedure Rules, O. 30, r. 4, r. 5 and r. 6; O. 46, r. 1, r. 2, r. 3 and r. 4 (U.)—Uganda Order in Council, 1902, s. 15 (2A) (U.). 

Evidence-Street traffic-Omnibus-Charge of carrying more passengers than permitted—Statutory exception-Owner not liable if offence committed. without his knowledge-Precautions to be taken to prevent offence-Proof required to discharge onus upon owner—Traffic Ordinance, 1953, s. 97 (2) (K.)—East African Customs (Management) Act, 1952, s. 167 (d)—Indian Evidence Act, 1872, s. 105. 
 

Practice-Money decree-Order for payment by instalments—Principles upon which court may grant indulgence to debtor—Order constituting virtual denial of decree-holder's right—Indian Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, O. 20, r. 11 (1). 
 

Passing off-Ointment sold under trade name-Competitor selling similar ointment with similar name- ‘Capsolin' and “Capsopa'—Similarity of cartons -Whether public likely to be confused. 
Passing off-Damages—Delay in taking proceedings—Nominal damages. 
 

Money-lender-Guarantee—Memorandum signed by borrower-Copy memoran- dum not supplied to guarantor—Whether guarantor must receive such copy Whether guarantor a “borrower” within s. 11, Money-lenders' Ordinance (Cap. 307) (K.)—Civil Procedure (Revised) Rules, 1948, O. V, r. 8 (K.). Evidence-Money-lender-Memorandum in writing-Burden of proving compliance with s. 11 Money-lenders' Ordinance (Cap. 307) (K.)—Whether burden can be discharged by oral evidence—Indian Evidence Act, 1872, s. 91, s. 101, s. 102 and s. 103. 

Jurisdiction—Buganda courts—Suit for damages—Car collision—Both parties Africans—Suit filed in the High Court--Submission on appeal that case should have been transferred to Buganda court—Jurisdiction of High Court―When High Court must transfer case to Buganda court-Civil Procedure Rules, O. 9, r. 24 and O. 42 (U.)—Civil Procedure Ordinance, s. 11 (7) and s. 69 (1) (U.)—Buganda Courts Ordinance, s. 2, s. 3 (1), s. 4, s. 6 (1), s. 7, s. 8, s. 9, s. 10, s. 11 and s. 12 (U.)—Native Courts Ordinance (Cap. 77), (U.)— Sale of Goods Ordinance (Cap. 214), (U.)—Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance, s. 36 (U.)—Buganda Native Laws (Declaratory) Ordin- D ance, (U.)——Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance, 1953, (U.)— Indian Contract Act, 1872—African Order in Council, 1892, (U.)—Uganda Agreement, 1900, (U.)——Uganda (Judicial) Agreement, 1905, (U.) —Uganda Order in Council, 1902, s. 15, s. 18 and s. 20 (U.). 
 

Income tax Construction of statute Ordinary meaning and grammatical construction-East African Income Tax (Management) Act, 1952, s. 22 (2) (a). Statute-Construction—Taxing Act—Ordinary meaning-Later Act as aid to construction of earlier Act—Ambiguity in earlier Act-Deemed distribution —“In the course of such period” —East African Income Tax (Management) Act, 1952, s. 22 (2) (a)—Income Tax Act, 1952, s. 245, s. 256 (5)—East African Income Tax (Management) Act, 1958, s. 37.

Income tax-Expenditure of a revenue nature—Construction of building financed by debentures—Interest paid on debentures during construction—Ground rent and rates also paid—Whether such outgoings allowable deductions— Expenditure incurred in production of income—East African Income Tax (Management) Act, 1952, s. 14(1), s. 15—East African Income Tax (Management) Act, 1958, s. 111 (1) and (2)—Income Tax Act, 1952, s. 137. 
 

Criminal law-Trial-Irregularity-Two cases tried together-Separate charges -Same accused concerned in both cases -Charges concerned with a series of housebreakings and thefts—Whether prejudice occasioned to the accused— Whether trial a nullity or irregularity remediable-Penal Code, s. 265 and s. 294 (1) (T.)—Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 20), s. 346 (T.).

Criminal law-Rogues and vagabonds-Accused charged with burglary-Charge withdrawn—Accused then charged as being rogues and vagabonds—Particulars given of specific circumstances supporting charge-Whether charge and conviction proper—Meaning of “suspected person”—Penal Code, s. 177 (3) and s. 297 (T.)—Criminal Procedure Code, s. 297 (T.). 
 

Practice-Joinder of defendant-Application by joint tortfeasors-Application opposed by plaintiff—Additional defendant joined by order of court- Whether court can order joinder despite plaintiff's opposition—Rules of the Supreme Court, 1875, O. XVI, r. 17—Indian Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, s. 32 and O. 1, r. 10 (2). 

Trust and trustee-Resulting trust-Property owned beneficially by appellants— Legal estate vested in trustee-Property transferred to purchaser with knowledge of appellants' interest-Purchaser not required to pay price- Collateral agreement between purchaser and appellants to pay price less sum due to him—Whether resulting trust-Claim by sub-lessee against purchaser— Claim compromised by purchaser's executors— -Whether executors entitled to deduct sum paid to sub-lessee from price due to appellants—Land Control Ordinance, s. 7 and s. 46 (K.)—Crown Lands Ordinance, s. 88 (K.)—Indian Evidence Act, 1872, s. 32 (3) and s. 92—Eastern African Court of Appeal Rules, 1954, r. 76 (2)—Civil Procedure (Revised) Rules, 1948, O. VI, r. 2, r. 24; O. XIV, r. 1 (5) and r. 3 (K.). 
Practice-Agreement by counsel during trial—Agreement to contest trial on one issue-Whether counsel bound by agreement. 
 

Income Tax-Penalties-Trustees-No return made for ten years—Penalty of treble the tax assessed—Commissioner's discretion to remit all or part of 
penalty—Appeal—Whether appellate court can interfere with exercise of G discretion—East African Income Tax (Management) Act, 1952, s. 40, s. 50, s. 71 (1), s. 72, s. 78, s. 86—Income Tax Ordinance (Cap. 254), s. 28, s. 62 (K.)—Inland Revenue Regulation Act, 1890–Taxes Management Act, 1880, s. 57 (3), s. 59—Finance Act, 1923, s. 23 (2)—Income Tax Act, 1918, s. 107, s. 222—Income Tax Act, 1952, s. 25 (3), s. 500—Wheat Industry Ordinance, 1952 (K.). 
Costs-Income tax appeal-Penalties-Offer to reduce penalties made when appeal heard-Offer rejected—Judgment given reducing penalties to the amount offered. Commissioner awarded costs of appeal—Whether the judge correctly exercised his discretion to award costs. 
 

Criminal law—Evidence—Burden of proof—Stock theft—Burden of proof placed on accused by law—What must be established by prosecution before calling upon accused for proof of lawful possession—Quantum of proof required— Stock and Produce Theft Ordinance (Cap. 206), as amended by Ordinance C No. 4 of 1959, s. 10 (K.)—Penal Code (Cap. 24), s. 276, s. 279, s. 318, s. 323 and s. 324 (K.)

Trespass-Farm-Former employee forbidden to visit farm-Visit to farm at Arrest by headman on manager's instructions. Whether arrest lawful—Trespass Ordinance (Cap. 166), s. 3, s. 4 and s. 6 (K.). 
night 
 

Practice-Appeal—Extension of time—Application for extension for filing appeal -Decree not extracted—Eastern African Court of Appeal Rules 1954, r. 56. 
 

Practice-Judgment ex parte—Application set aside―Judgment set aside on terms-Proper order as to costs-Whether terms unduly onerous-Civil Procedure Rules, O. 9, r. 24, (U.): 
 

Rent restriction—Premium—Mixed premises-Premium for letting for seven years. Payment of the premium later made unlawful. Whether premium recoverable—Rent Restriction Ordinance (Cap. 115), s. 2, s. 3. (2) (U.)— Rent Restriction (Amendment) Ordinance, 1954 (U.). 
 

Criminal law-Murder-Practice-Joint trial—Application for separate trials 
refused-Whether injustice done. 
Criminal law - Evidence, Accomplice evidence, and Corroboration — Whether a retracted confession can corroborate evidence itself requiring corroboration. Criminal law-Statement to police-Statement made by the accused to the investigating officers-Whether statement admissible. 
Criminal law-Practice-Murder—Information—Amendment—Accused re-tried on original information—Information amended by inserting new date and place of trial-Whether alterations render information a nullity—Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 27), s. 83, s. 250, s. 254, s. 256, s. 271 (1) and s. 381 (K.). 
 

Costs-Application for security-Appeal pending Costs in court below unpaid -Insufficiency of affidavit—No evidence that appellant is unable to pay costs —Eastern African Court of Appeal Order-in-Council, 1950, s. 14—Eastern African Court of Appeal Rules, 1954, r. 19 (6) and r. 60—Civil Procedure Ordinance (Cap. 5), s. 7 (K.). 
Costs-Res judicata—Second application for security-First application refused -Appeal-Additional evidence that appellant without means-Whether refusal of first application precludes further application-Eastern African Court of Appeal Order-in-Council, 1950, s. 14-Eastern African Court of Appeal Rules, 1954, r. 19 (6) and r. 60—Civil Procedure Ordinance (Cap. 5) s. 7 (K.). 
 

Costs-Taxation—Instructions fee—Amount allowed four times the scale fee- On reference to judge, amount reduced as manifestly excessive-Appeal to C the Court of Appeal—When interference with taxing officer's decision justified-Remuneration of Advocates Order, 1955, s. 10 and s. 11 (K

Workmen's Compensation - Jurisdiction — Proper court to determine claim. Accident occurring outside jurisdiction of court in which claim made- C Workmen's Compensation Ordinance (Cap. 263), s. 3, s. 16 (1), s. 19 (1), s. 27, s. 28 and s. 44 (T.)—Indian Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, s. 20 (c), s. 21, s. 26 and 0.7, r. 10. 
 

Costs-Security for costs—Application for further security and order for payment of past costs-Substantial delay in application- Appeal pending- Costs in court below unpaid—Order by court below to pay costs by instalments— Instalments duly paid—Discretion of court-Eastern African Court of Appeal Rules, 1954, r. 58, r. 60 and r. 82—Rules of the Supreme Court, O. LVIII, r. 9 (5)—Indian Civil Procedure Rules, O. XLI, r. 10 (1). 
 

Immigration-Dependant's pass-Dependant's pass issued on application by resident-Death of resident before dependant's arrival in Kenya—Whether dependant's entry and stay in Colony lawful—Immigration (Control) Ordinance (Cap. 51), s. 5, s. 6 (1) and (2) and s. 15 (K.)—Immigration Control Regulations, reg. 21 (2) (K.)—Immigration (Control) (Exemption) Regulations, reg. 3 (1) (d) (K.)–Immigration Ordinance, 1956, s. 7, s. 8 and s. 19 (K.)—Immigration Regulations, 1957, reg. 28—Civil Procedure (Revised) Rules, 1948, O. VI, r. 7 (K.). 
Statute-Repeal-Regulations made under statute-Statute and regulations repealed. Whether vested rights acquired under repealed regulations continue-Immigration (Control) (Exemption) Regulations, reg. 3 (1) (d) (K.)—Interpretation and General Provisions Ordinance, 1956, s. 23 (3) (c) (K.).

Rent restriction—Premium—Recovery of premium paid by tenant-Premises comprising shops and dwellings—Mixed premises—Dominant user—Agreement to lease for term exceeding seven years—Whether parties in pari delicto -Whether premium recoverable—Rent Restriction Ordinance (Cap. 115), s. 3 (2) (U.)—Evidence Ordinance (Cap. 9), s. 113 (U.)—Indian Evidence Act, 1872, s. 115.

Income tax-Profits-Purchase of coffee estate-Losses from cultivation of coffee-Subsequent user of land for other farming projects—Decision by owner to sell estate-Land subdivided into plots—Roads and water installed- Plots sold at a profit, whether realization of investment or trading in land. 
 

Money-lender-Loan to company upon debenture-Debenture purporting to charge land and other property-Validity of debenture—Debenture not registered under Registration of Titles Ordinance—Whether transaction within exception to Money-lenders' Ordinance-Money-lenders' Ordinance, 1951, s. 3, s. 7 and s. 22 (1) and s. 22 (3) (U.) Registration of Titles Ordinance, s. 9 (3), s. 51, s. 91, s. 114, s. 115, s. 134, s. 138 and s. 148 (U.) -Money-lenders' Ordinance (Cap. 307), s. 3 (1) (b) (K.)—Companies Ordinance (Cap. 212), s. 80 (U.).

Mohamedan law-Gift-Validity—Gift made during lifetime of donor—Gift of house affected by purported deed of sale—No consideration passing—Deed registered— Validity of gift—Contract Ordinance (Cap. 30), s. 25 and s. 27 (A.)—Indian Contract Act, 1872, s. 25—Evidence Ordinance (Cap. 58), s. 100 (A.)—Indian Evidence Act, 1872, s. 92—Transfer of Property Ordinance (Cap. 154), s. 126 (A.). 
 

Appeal―Jurisdiction of court—Appeal from court to which appeal lies by statute- 
Right of appeal—The Industrial Relations (Conciliation and Arbitration) Ordinance, 1960, s. 2, s. 5, s. 16, s. 17, s. 19, s. 20, s. 21, s. 22, s. 23 (A.)— Industrial Court Rules, 1960, r. 12 (A.)—Appeals to the Court of Appeal Ordinance (Cap. 7), s. 6 (A.). 
Master and servant-Trade dispute-Award of industrial tribunal—Reasons for award not given-Errors of law alleged Whether tribunal must give reasons for award The Industrial Relations (Conciliation and Arbitration) Ordinance, 1960 (A.). 
Master and servant-Trade dispute-Award of industrial tribunal—Tribunal con- 
stituted by statute-Award made operative from date prior to statute coming into force Award failing to comply with mandatory provisions of statute- Whether award bad in law-The Industrial Relations (Conciliation and Arbitration) Ordinance, 1960, s. 17 (A.)—Industrial Court Rules, 1960, r. 12 (A.)

Appeal—Damages—Quantum—Artificial limb-Pain and suffering-Loss of earnings-Whether assessment of damages erroneous and inadequate. 
 

Divorce Collusion—Answer filed by respondent—Instructions later given to respondent's advocate not to defend Answer not withdrawn—Petitioner required to prove allegations in petition-Whether collusion to be inferred. Divorce · Condonation Petitioner alleging cruelty Petitioner's decision to petition before cohabitation ceased — Intercourse once after decision made— Whether evidence proves condonation. 
 

Elections-Legislative council-Ballot papers-Validity—Ballot papers not marked with official stamp—Voters' registration numbers written on ballot papers-Secrecy of ballot-Whether conduct of election in accordance with principles laid down in Legislative Council (Elections) Ordinance, 1957 (U.)— Legislative Council (Elections) Ordinance, 1957, s. 8, s. 38, s. 46, s. 60, s. 62, I s. 65 and s. 66 (U.)—Election Petitions Directions, 1958, r. 2 (2) (U.).

Income tax-Limitation—Assessment made seven years after the year of income- Whether assessment statute barred—East African Income Tax (Management) Act, 1958, s. 102, s. 105, s. 113—East African Income Tax (Appeal to the Supreme Court) Rules, 1959, r. 10—Indian Evidence Act, 1872, s. 105- Evidence Act (Amendment) Ordinance (Cap. 12), s. 3 (K.). 
 

Criminal law-Trial—Irregularity—Questions and comments by trial judge in course of unsworn statement by accused-Accused's absence from a view during trial—Whether irregularities fatal to conviction—Criminal Procedure Code, s. 193, s. 302 and s. 381 (K.)—Indian Evidence Act, 1872, s. 165

Fatal accident-Damages-Application of principles on which damages are assessed in fatal accident cases-Issues to be tried-Determination of issues by appellate court-Fatal Accidents Ordinance (Cap. 9) (K.) 

Income tax-Legislative powers-Statute altering procedure for enforcing payment of tax-Whether statute modifies law of bankruptcy—East African Income Tax (Management) Act, 1958, s. 1, s. 113, s. 114, s. 118, s. 119, s. 120 and the C Fifth Schedule, para. 1 and para. 2. 
Income tax-Bankruptcy—Receiving order founded on final decrees for tax- 
Procedure for collection of tax-Prejudice to taxpayer-East African Income Tax (Management) Act, 1952, s. 77, s. 78, s. 79, s. 81, s. 82, s. 83, s. 85, s. 86, s. 86A—East African Income Tax (Management) Act, 1958, s. 1, D s. 113, s. 114, s. 118, s. 119, s. 120, s. 124 and the Fifth Schedule, para. 1 and para. 2—Income Tax (Appeal to the Kenya Supreme Court) Rules, 1959, r. 19 (K.)—Eastern African Court of Appeal Rules, 1954, r. 54, r. 58, r. 74— Bankruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 30), s. 3(1), s. 5, s. 6 (K.)—East Africa (High Commission) Order-in-Council, 1947, s. 28 and Third Schedule—Rules of the Supreme Court, 1883, O. LVIII, r. 2. 
Appeal-Party directly affected by appeal-Appeal against receiving order— Official Receiver-Notice of appeal not served on Official Receiver-Eastern African Court of Appeal Rules, 1954, r. 54 (5). 

Criminal law-Practice-Fine-Levy of fine upon property of accused—Order for seizure and sale of vehicle—Proceeds to be put towards fine—Vehicle not owned by accused—Accused hiring under hire-purchase agreement—Application by owner of vehicle—Time for appeal by applicant expired—Applicant unaware of court order—Practice to be adopted in such a case—Criminal Procedure Code, s. 296, s. 297 and s. 312 (T.). 
 

Divorce—Alimony—Order for wife made—No order for maintenance of children— Husband due arrears of salary and gratuity—Application to vary order— Order sought that husband pay wife part of arrears and gratuity—Power of court-Divorce Ordinance (Cap. 112), s. 25, s. 26 and s. 30 (U.)—Matri- monial Causes Act, 1950, s. 28 (1) and (3). 
 

Contract Frustration-Sale of goods-Goods available-Delivery to buyer impracticable-Refusal of railway to transport-No practicable alternative means of transport-Whether contract frustrated—Indian Contract Act, 1872. 
 

Income tax-Assessment—Penalty—Demand tax and 20 per cent. penalty— 
Notice that if tax is paid within the specified time penalty is reduced to 5 per cent.- Tax paid within time—Penalty not paid within time—Action to recover full penalty-East African Income Tax (Management) Act, 1958, s. 102 (4), s. 109, s. 111, s. 118 and s. 120. 
Income tax-Statutory certificate of tax due from defendant—Whether certificate F conclusive as to amount due—East African Income Tax (Management) Act, 1958, s. 124 (2).